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The Tariff Act of 1930 (codified at ), otherwise known as the Smoot–Hawley Tariff or Hawley–Smoot Tariff,〔ch. 497, , June 17, 1930, ''see'' 〕 was an act sponsored by Senator Reed Smoot and Representative Willis C. Hawley and signed into law on June 17, 1930, that raised U.S. tariffs on over 20,000 imported goods to record levels.〔Taussig (1931)〕 The dutiable tariff level (this does not include duty-free imports—see ''Tariff levels'' below) under the act was the highest in the U.S. in 100 years, exceeded by a small margin by the Tariff of 1828.〔(WWS 543: Class notes, 2/17/10 ), Paul Krugman, February 16, 2010, (Presentation ), slide 4〕 The great majority of economists then and ever since view the Act, and the ensuing retaliatory tariffs by America's trading partners, as responsible for reducing American exports and imports by more than half.〔Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., ''Opening America's Market: U.S. Foreign Trade Policy Since 1776'' (University of North Carolina Press, 1995, p. 100-3)〕 According to Ben Bernanke, "Economists still agree that Smoot-Hawley and the ensuing tariff wars were highly counterproductive and contributed to the depth and length of the global Depression."〔(Monetary Policy and the Global Economy ), Ben S. Bernanke〕 However, the general view is that while it had negative results, the Smoot-Hawley Tariff was not one of the main causes of the Great Depression because foreign trade was only a small sector of the U.S. economy. ==Sponsors and legislative history== In 1922, Congress had passed the Fordney–McCumber Tariff act, which had increased tariffs on foreign imports. The League of Nations' World Economic Conference met at Geneva in 1927, concluding in its final report: "the time has come to put an end to tariffs, and to move in the opposite direction." Vast debts and reparations could only be repaid through gold, services or goods; but the only items available on that scale were goods. However, many of the delegates' governments did the opposite, starting in 1928 when France passed a new tariff law and quota system.〔''The War: the root and remedy'', George Peel, 1941〕 As the global economy entered the first stages of the Great Depression in late 1929, the USA's main goal emerged to protect American jobs and farmers from foreign competition. Reed Smoot championed another tariff increase within the USA in 1929, which became the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Bill. In his memoirs, Smoot made it abundantly clear: "The world is paying for its ruthless destruction of life and property in the World War and for its failure to adjust purchasing power to productive capacity during the industrial revolution of the decade following the war."〔.〕 Smoot was a Republican from Utah and chairman of the Senate Finance Committee. Willis C. Hawley, a Republican from Oregon, was chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee. When campaigning for president during 1928, one of Herbert Hoover's promises to help beleaguered farmers had been to increase tariffs of agricultural products. Hoover won, and Republicans maintained comfortable majorities in the House and the Senate during 1928. Hoover then asked Congress for an increase of tariff rates for agricultural goods and a decrease of rates for industrial goods. The House passed a version of the act in May 1929, increasing tariffs on agricultural and industrial goods alike. The House bill passed on a vote of 264 to 147, with 244 Republicans and 20 Democrats voting in favor of the bill. The Senate debated its bill until March 1930, with many Senators trading votes based on their states' industries. The Senate bill passed on a vote of 44 to 42, with 39 Republicans and 5 Democrats voting in favor of the bill.〔 The conference committee then aligned the two versions, largely by moving to the greater House tariffs.〔.〕 The House passed the conference bill on a vote of 222 to 153, with the support of 208 Republicans and 14 Democrats.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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